Continuous data of soils CO₂ efflux can improve model predictions of climate warming and automated data is becoming increasingly available. However, aggregating chamber-based data to plot scale poses challenges. Therefore, we showed using one year of half-hourly data how using the lognormal assumption tackles several challenges. We propose that plot-scale SO₂ efflux observations should be reported together with lognormally based uncertainties and enter model constraining frameworks at log-scale.

A novel airborne sensing platform was developed for meteorological and land surface temperature measurements. The system is called the Tethered And Navigated Air Blimp (TANAB). This system was deployed at a complex mining facility in northern Canada to measure dynamics of the atmosphere in various diurnal times, latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes. It measured convective, neutral, and stable boundary layers up to 150 m. It also measured land surface temperatures at a resolution of 1 km by 1 km.

Fluxgate magnetometers provide magnetic field measurements for geophysics and space physics. A low-noise ferromagnetic ring-core typically determines the noise performance of the instrument. Much of the basic research into producing low-noise fluxgate sensors was completed in the 1960s for military purposes and was never publicly released. We present a manufacturing approach that can consistently produce fluxgate ring-cores with noise performance comparable to the legacy ring-cores used today.

A universal data model is a core to converge the big geoanalytical data. We studied every geoanalytical instruments, geological samples and geoanalytical results and give a summarization of comprehensive geoanalytical data. We abstracted the data contents and designed the data model. It can be used for construction of any geoanalytical data management system, data sharing system or database by professional or amateurish developers. Morever, we highly improved the efficiency of the data model.

Nowadays ocean-bottom observatories, equipped with acceleration and pressure gauges (seismometers and tsunameters), became widespread. We suggest simple and reliable method for remote testing the calibration of the gauges installed at the ocean bottom. The method is extremely convenient for practice, since, besides measured quantities, it involves a sole physical constant – the gravity acceleration.

The non-uniqueness of geophysical inversions, which is based on a single geophysical method, is a long-standing problem in geophysical exploration. This paper developed a distributed, multi-channel, and high-precision data acquisition system. It can achieve high-precision hybrid acquisition of seismic-electrical data and monitor the real-time quality of data acquisition processes using NB-IoT technology. The equivalent input noise is 0.5 µV and the synchronization accuracy is within 200 ns.

Complex and harsh exploration environments have put forward higher requirements for traditional geophysical exploration methods and instruments. In this study, a new distributed seismic-electrical hybrid acquisition station is developed, and it can achieve high-precision hybrid acquisition of seismic-electrical data. The synchronization precision of the acquisition station is better than 200 ns, and the maximum low-power data transmission speed is 16 Mbps along a 55 m cable.

A software application for streamlining investigations of the Martian atmosphere is described. The main components are a 1D model of the Martian atmosphere, observations of the Martian atmosphere and a software wrapper. We verify our model using the application. The model and observations agree except over the winter solstice where mechanical heating of the atmosphere, from downward flowing air, is likely warming the atmosphere. We update our model to include this effect.

Measurements from the magnetic field instrument on the Cassiope spacecraft were found to be degraded by an artifact of how the instrument tracks the changing magnetic field as the spacecraft orbits the Earth. We present a process to characterize this effect on-orbit and compensate for it in the post processing of the data. This work allows the instrument to accurately track rapidly changing local fields without loss of measurement fidelity and improves the high-frequency noise of the data.

Towards the complex observation requirements of Fengyun-4 (FY-4) satellite, the new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite of China, instrument observation strategies are proposed, on which the instruments' in orbit daily observations must be based. The strategies have been successfully used in FY-4A in-orbit test for more than a year. Both the simulation results and in-orbit application results are given to demonstrate the validity of the strategies.

Daedalus targets to measure the largely unexplored area between Earth's atmosphere and space. Here, intriguing and complex processes govern the deposition, transformation and transport of energy. The aim is to quantify this energy by measuring, for example, effects caused by electrodynamic processes in this region. The concept is based on a mother satellite which carries a suite of instruments along with smaller satellites carrying a subset of instruments that are released into the atmosphere.

The CUGB-CS48DAS data acquisition system was designed for seismic purpose at first. However, we tried to integrate the acquisition circuit and after several hardware improvements and software updates, it can be used now for seismic exploration as well as electrical prospecting. It has good application effects in engineering geology, mineral geology and energy geology, and is suitable for exploration tasks in coalfields, petroleum, minerals, earthquake monitoring and urban construction, etc.

Measuring the magnetic field on-board spacecraft requires regular in-flight calibrations activities. Among those, determining of the output of magnetometers under vanishing ambient magnetic fields, the so-called magnetometer offsets, is essential. Typically, characteristic rotations in solar wind magnetic fields are used to obtain these offsets. This paper addresses the question of how much solar wind data are needed to reach certain accuracy levels in offset determination.

In this paper, we present an approach to represent underlying errors in measurements and physical models in the temporal gravity field determination using GRACE observations. This study provides an opportunity to improve the error model and the accuracy of the GRACE parameter estimation, as well as its successor, GRACE Follow-On.

Observations of the stable isotopes of water vapor by high-resolution ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provide information on study of the variation of the atmospheric water vapor at Hefei site. In this paper, the percentage of atmospheric H₂O(X_H2O) and HDO (X_HDO) have been retrieved based on a high-resolution ground-based FTIR at Hefei site, and also calculated the stable isotopes of water composition δD. The time series of X_H2O were compared with the Greenhouse gase.

Our knowledge of the Earth's magnetic field arises from magnetic signals stored in lavas. In rugged volcanic terrain, however, the magnetization of the underlying flows may influence the magnetic field as recorded by newly formed flows on top. To measure these local magnetic anomalies, we developed a low-cost field magnetometer with superior accuracy and user-friendliness. The first measurements on Mt. Etna show local magnetic variations that are much larger than expected.

The materials of this research paper are intended for specialists (magnetologists) engaged in tasks of digital processing of geomagnetic field measurements. The technique is discussed, that can help to reduce the errors in measurements and can be applied in various tasks of digital processing of geomagnetic data from vector mgnetoneters and other three-component physical data. The results of the tests of the corresponded processing algorithm are provided in the study.

Terrestrial photogrammetry is the approach by which measurements are derived from images. It is a rapidly growing method in glaciology, providing detailed records of glacier change. However, glacial photogrammetry toolboxes are limited currently. PyTrx (freely available online) has been developed here as a Python-alternative toolbox with wider capabilities for deriving velocities, areas, and line measurements. Examples are presented throughout using time-lapse imagery from glaciers in Svalbard.

Meteorological observational data obtained in highly complex terrain has to be treated differently than it is usually done within state of the art quality control procedures. The main motivation and goal is to preserve as much information as possible in order to enhance the accuracy of analysis and forecast model output. It is recommended to use the method in highly complex terrain. Sufficient data density and coherent structures within data is required.

- This study aimed to calibrate some of the existing models in the literature for estimating daily total global solar radiation parameter using available measuring records (maximum and minimum air temperatures) and three new models are developed based on maximum and minimum air temperatures and relative humidity.
- In this study, three new models that are based on the relative humidity and the difference between maximum and minimum air temperatures were suggested.

Radar Signal processing is one of the area where there is a lot of scope for research. This area demands efficient algorithms for study of echoes derived from various atmospheric regions. Denoising techniques were used and spectral moments were calculated. Stacked doppler profile was plotted to observe the improvement in doppler detection. It has been observed that there is a considerable improvement in recognition of the doppler echoes.

An automatic process for the estimation of forest properties in high spatial resolution using National Land Survey's airborne laser scanning data is presented. Results were evaluated by compering against national MS-NFI forest data. The estimation accuracy was generally good, but deciduous forests in leaf-off conditions caused somewhat underestimation. The method can be used to support e.g. forest managing, construction planning, wood industry and other remote sensing applications and research.